How likely is it that the CPU would die if a motherboard suffers a major static shock? Other components?

Every single Hardware component that runs on a SATA or IDE Cable is connected to the motherboard. If the motherboard has suffered damage, it is quite likely that the other components MAY have as well, the only real way to know is to try the components in a friends computer (don't worry, you will not reck anyone else's computer if the items are damaged when inserted). Other than that there is no sure way to no.